Computer Application #2 Fundamentals Of The World Wide Web And Internet

The Internet

• The Internet is a worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational institutions, and individuals.

Evolution of the Internet

• The Internet originated as ARPANET in September 1969 and  had two main goals:

1. Allow scientists at different physical locations to share information and work together.
2. Function even if part of the network were disabled or destroyed by a disaster.

1969 - ARPANET becomes functional.

1984 - ARPANET has more than 1000 individual computers linked as hosts.

1986 - NSF connects to ARPANET and becomes known as the internet.

1995 - NSFNet terminates its network on the internet and resumes status as research network.

1996 - Internet2 was founded.

Today - More than 550 million hosts connect to the internet.

• Each organization is responsible only for maintaining its own network.
• Inetrnet2 connects more than 220 universities and 115 companies via a high-speed private network.
• Many home and small business users connect to the internet via high-speed broadband Internet service.
• An access provider is business that provides individuals and organization access to the internet free or a fee.
• An IP address is a number that uniquely identifies each computer or device connected to the internet.
• A domain name is the text version of an IP address or known as top-level domain (TDL).
• A DNS server translates the domain name into its associated IP address.

 The World Wide Web

• The World Wide Web. or Web, consists of a worldwide collection of electronic documents(Web Pages)
• A Web site is a collection of related Web pages and associated items.
• A Web server is a computer that delivers requested Web pages to your computer.
• Web 2.0 refers to Web sites that provide a means for users to interact. 
• A Web browser, or browsers allows users to access Web pages and Web 2.0 programs such as:

1. Internet Explorer
2. Firefox
3. Opera
4. Safari
5. Google Chrome

• A home page is the first page that a Web site displays.
• Web pages provides link to other related Web pages.
• Downloading is the process of receiving information.
• Each Web page has a unique address called a URL or Web Address.
• Tabbed browsing allows you to open and view multiple Web pages in a single Web browser window 
• There are two types of search tools that are search engines and subject directories.

1. Search Engine - Finds information related to a specific topic.
2. Subject Directory - Classified Web pages in an organized set of categories.

• A search engine is helpful in locating items such as : 

1. Images
2. Videos
3. Audio
4. Publications
5. Maps
6. People or Businesses
7. Blogs

• Some Web browsers contain an Instant Search box to eliminate the steps os displaying the search engine's Web page prior to entering the search text.
• There are 13 types of Web site : 

1. Portal
2. News 
3. Informational
4. Business/Marketing
5. Blog
6. Wiki
7. Online Social Network
8. Educational
9. Entertainment
10. Advocacy
11. Web Application
12. Content Aggregator
13. Personal

• Multimedia refers to any application that combines text with : 

1. Graphics
2. Animation
3. Audio
4. Video
5. Virtual Reality

• A graphic is a digital representation of non-text information.
• Graphic formats include BMP, GIF, JPEG, PNG, and TIFF.
• A thumbnail is a small version of a larger graphic.
• Animation is the appearance of motion created by displaying a series of still images in sequence.
• Audio includes music, speech, or any other sound.
• You listen to audio on your computer using a  player.
• Streaming is the process of transferring data in a continuous and even flow.
• Video consists of images displayed in motion.
• Virtual Reality (VR) is the use of computers to simulate a real or imagined environment that appears as a three-dimensional space.
• A plug-in is a program that extends the capability of a Web browser.
• Web publishing is the development and maintain of Web pages.

E - Commerce

• E-commerce is a business transaction that occurs over an electronic network.

Other Internet Services

• E-mail is the transmission of messages and files via a computer network.
• An e-mail program allows you to create send, receive, forward, store, print, and delete, e-mail messages.
• A mailing list is a group of e-mail names and address given a single name.
• Instant messaging(IM) is a real-time Internet communications service.
• A chat is a real-time typed conversation that takes place on a computer.
• A chat room is a location on an internet server that permits users to chat with each other.
• VoIP(Voice over IP) enables users to speak to other users over the Internet.
• A newsgroup is an online are which users have written discussions about a particular subject.
• A message board is a Web-based type of discussion group.
• FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is an Internet standard that permits file uploading and downloading with other computers on the internet.
• Many operating systems include FTP capabilities.
• An FTP server is a computer that allows users to upload and/or download files using FTP.

Netiquette

• Netiquette is the code of acceptable Internet behavior

Computer Application #1 Basic Introduction To Computers

Computer Application (Chapter 1)

WHAT IS A COMPUTER ?

• A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instruction stored in its own memory

THE COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER

• A computer contains many electric, electronic, and mechanical components known as hardware :

1. Input Device - Allows you to enter data and instructions into a computer.
2. Output Device - Hardware component that conveys information to one or more people.
3. System Unit - Case that contains the electronic components of the computer that are used to process data.
4. Storage Device - Records (writes) and/or retrieves (reads) items to and from storage media.
5. Communication Device - Enables a computer to send and receive data, instructions, and information to and from one more computers or mobile devices.

• ADVANTAGES OF USING COMPUTERS 

1. Speed 
2. Reliability 
3. Consistency 
4. Storage 
5. Communications 

• DISADVANTAGES OF USING COMPUTERS

1. Health Risks 
2. Violation of Privacy 
3. Public Safety 
4. Impact on Labor Force 
5. Impact on Environment 

• Green computing involves reducing the electricity consumed and environmental waste generated when using a computer
• Strategies include:
  –Recycling
  –Regulating manufacturing processes
  –Extending the life of computers
  –Immediately donating or properly disposing of replaced computers
• NETWORK AND THE INTERNET

1. A network is a collection of computers and devices connected together, often wirelessly, via communications devices and transmission media.
2. The internet is a worldwide collection of networks that connects millions of businesses, government agencies, educational institutions, and individuals.
3. People use the internet for a variety of reasons such as communicating, research and access information, shopping online, bank and invest, online trading, entertainment, downloading videos, share information, and web application.
4. A social networking Web site encourages members to share their interests, ideas, stories, photos, music, and videos with other registered users.

• COMPUTER SOFTWARE 

1. Software, also called a program, tells the computer what tasks to perform and how to perform them.
2. Installing is the process of setting up software to work with the computer, printer, and other hardware.
3. A programmer develops software or writes the instructions that direct the computer to process data into information. 

• CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS

1. Personal computers
2. Mobile computers and mobile devices
3. Game consoles
4. Servers
5. Mainframes
6. Supercomputers
7. Embedded computers

• PERSONAL COMPUTERS

1. A personal computer can perform all of its input, processing, output, and storage activities by itself.
2. Two popular architectures are the PC and the Apple.

• MOBILE COMPUTERS AND MOBILE DEVICES 

1. Mobile computer - Personal computer you can carry from place to place. For example, notebook computers, laptop computers, netbooks, ultra-thins,and Tablet PCs.
2. Mobile device - Computing device small enough to hold in your hand. For example, smart phones and PDAs, e-book readers, handheld computers, portablemedia players, and digital cameras.

• GAME CONSOLES

1. A game console is a mobile computing device designed for single-player or multiplayer video games. 

• SERVER

1. A server controls access to the hardware, software, and other resources on a network.
2. Provides a centralized storage area for programs, data, and information.

• MAINFRAMES

1. A mainframe is a large, expensive, powerful computer that can handle hundreds or thousands of connected users simultaneously. 

• SUPERCOMPUTERS

1. A supercomputer is the fastest, most powerful computer and capable of processing more than one quadrillion instructions in a single second.

• EMBEDDED COMPUTERS

1. An embedded computer is a special-purpose computer that functions as a component inn a larger product such as consumer electronics, home automation devices, automobiles, process controller and robotics, and computer devices.

• ELEMENTS OF AN INFORMATION SYSTEM

1. Hardware 
2. Software
3. Data
4. People
5. Procedures

• COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN SOCIETY 

1. Education
2. Finance
3. Government
4. Health Care 
5. Science 
6. Publishing 
7. Travel
8. Manufacturing